Archive for March, 2005

Bernie - You’re Nothing

Sunday, March 20th, 2005

Before I get to this week’s column, let me first state how excited I am to be affiliated with this most excellent site.  We have gathered here a first-class roster of talent commanding deep, battle-tested experience in virtually all facets of markets, asset classes and financial instruments.  I am honored to join this stable of investment experts in what will, in time, be regarded as the very best independent financial website on the ‘net.

 

But as The Wolf from Pulp Fiction wisely intones, “Let’s not start sucking each other’s [expletive] just yet.”  Enough self-congratulation, onto this week’s column:

 

This is a great country.  Seriously, this country is set up so that with minimal effort you can do very, very well.  What’s more, if you are privileged enough to earn your keep in the finance industry, all you need to do is work maybe 9-10 hours a day, exhibit some bare minimum competency, and keep your head out of your ass.  That’s all it takes.  After doing this for a few years, if you follow the above formula, you will soon find yourself eating the finest meats and cheeses, living in a nice crib, driving a sweet ride and dating hot chicks. 

 

But guess what, slick? 

 

This can all be taken away from you. 

 

They can take away your bank account.  Your AmEx platinum.  Your Audi, your Park Avenue apartment.  And if they take those away, the hot chicks will be gone faster than crack at Courtney Love’s place.  If you don’t believe me, ask MC Hammer.

 

But here’s the thing:  they cannot take away your honor.  They cannot take away your balls, or your word, as Tony Montana [LINK:IMDB] so eloquently noted.  That’s all you have in this world, ultimately.  You have your reputation and your honor that you trade upon every single day in order to do deals, in order to command your partners’ trust, in order to make the mad Benjamins so coveted by the strippers at the Olympic Garden [LINK] in Las Vegas .

 

As such, my word and my reputation mean more to me than my entire net worth – not because of some high-minded principle but because of the simple calculus that my word and my reputation represent the sum total of my future earning capacity as a finance professional. 

 

And you should take the same attitude.  Jealously guard your scruples and your reputation and do not ever compromise your ethics or your word.  Strict adherence to this policy will pay dividends greater than any investment you will ever make in your lifetime.  The ethics of the people who do business are truly the underpinnings which support the generous harvest of capitalism.  Without ethical norms, the system would fall apart and we’d all be living like citizens of a third-rate socialist country.

 

Which brings me to Bernie Ebbers.  Bernie, you miscreant, you worm, you little pubic louse.  Bernie, you toadie, you coward.

 

Bernie Ebbers, for those of you returning from the deepest Congo, is the former CEO of Worldcom, a glorified pyramid scheme.  As the Wall St. Journal noted in a prescient article in the late nineties, Bernie was practicing what Brealey and Myers describe as “the Bootstrap Game”. 

 

(Richard A. Brealey and Stewart C. Myers’ “Principles of Corporate Finance” [LINK:AMAZON.COM] is the pre-eminent corporate finance textbook used at the finest business schools in the world.  If you haven’t already:  purchase it, embrace it, digest it.  Know it cold, because the guy sitting across from you almost certainly does.)

 

Where was I?  Ah, the Bootstrap Game.  This neat little scheme involves a highly valued company which acquires smaller, slower growing companies which are not as highly valued.  In terms of p/e ratios, a predator which trades at a high p/e (presumably due to high growth prospects) can issue stock to acquire a target with a low p/e and immediately accrete its (the acquirer’s) earnings per share, without having added any value at all from the acquisition.  This can be repeated ad nauseum, resulting in accelerated earnings growth which (using circular logic) is used to justify the high p/e of the acquirer. 

 

“But Hollywood Jack,” the alert reader will ask, “isn’t the target company a low p/e company due to its own low growth prospects, and won’t the integration with the acquiring company inevitably lower the long-term organic growth prospects of the overall business?”

 

Bingo.  The Bootstrap Game only works for a time.  Furthermore, it only works if you can keep up the pace of acquisitions.  Ultimately, however, no matter how many times you slap lipstick on a low-growth dog, eventually the market will see the underlying growth for what it is.

 

Worldcom played this beautifully, although it was obvious to even the slow-witted mouth breathers at the Wall St. Journal that Bernie was playing the Bootstrap Game, and that this could not go on forever.

 

Fast forward to Q3 2000.  The market for all stocks is tanking as the Fed’s Y2K-liquidity pop has diminished and the capital expenditure bust is beginning to work its way through the telecom industry.  Bernie is facing margin calls on the debt he has unwisely placed against his stockholdings in Worldcom.  Bernie needs that stock price to stay up, so he can keep banging hot chicks and eating caviar.  So Bernie instructs Worldcom CFO Scott Sullivan to engage in accounting shenanigans (the substance of which is immaterial for this discussion – the very act of compromising the shareholders’, creditors’, customers’ and employees’ trust is the issue) in order to prop the stock up for another quarter or two.

 

Well, you know what happened: the whole house of cards fell apart, with Worldcom declaring bankruptcy, stiffing bondholders and stockholders alike.  (The fact that those same bondholders and stockholders should have seen it coming had they been diligent and alert is an issue for another day.) 

 

Shady CFO Sullivan turned State’s evidence à la Sammy “the Bull” Gravano and Bernie Ebbers was convicted of 9 counts of conspiracy and securities fraud in the largest accounting scandal in U.S. history.  During the trial, Bernie had the sheer gall to take the stand and claim that he didn’t understand the particulars of finance and accounting.  The CEO of a company that, at its peak, was valued at over $180 billion and had made hundreds of acquisitions claimed that he didn’t understand basic finance or accounting that the average college sophomore business student has mastered! 

 

“By my beard, Your Honor,”  I would have loudly declaimed, “this halfwit isn’t competent enough to manage the bar at a tri-Delt mixer, let alone a NYSE-listed company!  The prosecution moves to have the defendant doused in cat urine.”  (Had I been a trial attorney I would likely have been disbarred, I imagine.)

 

Bernie abused the trust of his shareholders.  He screwed ‘em.  He screwed many people on the way up, selling them on the lies of the Bootstrap Game, and he screwed ‘em as it was falling apart, dumping stock to save his own ass.   And if our justice system truly reflected what Plato referred to as the Form, or ideal, of “Justice”, Bernie would be hoisted up by the little pits he amusingly calls testicles and left to wilt in the hot desert sun.

 

But he will likely just go to country club prison, where he can serve out his term at his leisure.  However, we now know, definitively, what his reputation, his word, his honor mean:

 

Nothing.

 

Bernie, you’re nothing.

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The Making of a Stock Broker (part 1)

Wednesday, March 16th, 2005

The Problem

I was 21, living in LA and I was hungry for a job. Having just graduated from the University of Chicago with a degree in English Literature my options weren’t exactly wide open.  Up to that point, the sum total of my knowledge of the U.S. capital markets came from playing Millionaire on my parent’s Apple IIe.  But I was going to be a titan in the financial world.  I just hadn’t figured out how.

 

The reality of moving in to my first apartment with no help from my parents and being off of the meal plan at school meant that I had to make some money.  I decided that it was probably smarter to make a lot of money rather than a little.  But a problem arose – English majors have very few jobs to choose from and even fewer that pay a real wage.  Why not just enter the financial world?  I was just as smart as anyone in it, I could do it too.  So that became my goal.

 

Opening the phone book, I found the numbers for the major brokerage houses in Los Angeles – I called the ones that advertised during college football games.  You know, Paine Webber, Merrill Lynch, Bear Stearns.  The first one I called was Paine Webber.  They asked me if I wanted to be an “Associate Investment Advisor,” and I said yes.  I wasn’t quite sure what that was, but I knew I wanted to work in the financial world and these guys were in it.  They asked me to come on down for an interview that day.

 

The Hook

Wearing my best (and only) suit, I walked in to the Beverly Hills Office of Paine Webber – it was dazzling.  The cars in the parking were all expensive and gleaming; the men walking in and out of the firm were good looking, well dressed and exuded refinement, wealth and success.  The walls were adorned with art and the couches in the lobby were soft leather.  On the coffee tables were glossy brochures extolling the virtues of certain funds and showed graphs of all shapes with the same message – your money will grow and be safe with us.  A receptionist asked my name and before I knew it, I was whisked back in to the office of the manager.

 

The manager was tall and animated.  He spoke quickly and with purpose.

 

“Here is how it works, if you do well in this interview, then you take a test.  You do well on the test, you have a job here.  Then you will begin your apprenticeship here.  Then you’ll sit for your 7, 63 and 65 and then you start making me money.  Got it?”

 

I nodded.

 

The interview was brief, I don’t remember the ‘get to know you’ questions, but I suspect there were very few.  But I do remember this exchange very clearly.  This was my first hint that the brochures, clothes and couches might be a façade.

 

“So, Jesse, do you want to be rich?”

“I want to be comfortable and I want a career that is fulfilling” I thought I was giving the right interview answer.

“Bullshit.  Do you want to be rich, I mean filthy rich?”

Sensing what the right answer is, I stammered “yes.”

“Yeah, how rich?”

A 21 year old kid doesn’t know what money is.  I didn’t know what my expenses were going to be that year, let alone what it is to be married, own a house, pay for car insurance, pay for private schools, pay medical bills.  “Really rich” I answered.

“What kind of car do you want to drive?”

I just smiled, I thought he must be kidding.  He wasn’t.

“Come on kid, what make and model car do you want to drive?”

“A Porsche?”

“You asking me or telling me?”

“A Porsche.”

“That’s a good starter car.  Now go take this exam, you pass and you got the job.”

 

The exam was a dumbed down version of the logic section of the LSAT.  Questions like ‘if the roads are always slippery when it rains and the roads are slippery, is it necessarily true that it has rained?’  It was just a simple if P then Q type of question.  I was always a great test taker.  I passed. 

 

Then the second red flag went up.  As I got the news that I passed the exam, the manager turned to me and said, “Well, are you coming to work for me?” 

“Do I have to decide right now?”

“Yes.”

 

I didn’t have to think too long.  He was selling what I was buying. I was going to learn about the capitalist system here in our great country and I was going to get rich doing it.  Done and done.

 

The Apprentice

I drove a Jeep in those days; it was beat up and ten years old.  What I liked about it was that it had no top.  Not that it was a convertible (it was), but I didn’t own a top for it.  So when I was driving to work at 5:30 in the morning, it was cold.  One needed to be at work long enough before the market opened to be get up to speed on anything a client might ask you.  What I learned on my first day was that one doesn’t just go to work as a broker, one needs to be registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission as well as the State of California.  Those are the aforementioned 7, 63 and 65.

The Series 7 is a six hour, 260 question nightmare, but before you can even sit for the Series 7 exam, you have to apprentice at a brokerage house for six months.  During those six months, we were expected to do two things; help with the daily sales meeting and be prospecting slaves for one of the more senior brokers in the office…….to be continued

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Double Envelopment (#2)

Thursday, March 3rd, 2005

In 1519, Hernando Cortes, beached on the shores of unexplored Mexico, made a fateful decision: he would burn the ships he and his men arrived in and attempt to overthrow Montezuma and the mighty Aztec empire.  The decision was risky.  The Aztecs were meant to possess large numbers of brave warriors while Cortes had only a handful of men.  If Cortes had the slightest setback there would be no escape.  On the other hand, Cortes had no choice.  The powerful Governor of Cuba wanted his head.  Cortes had defied the Governor time and time again and his best option for getting out of the situation was to win favor with King Charles by conquering a civilization rich in gold and other treasures.  Since Cortes’ men might get a little antsy if the going got rough and decide they would prefer going home, Cortes decided it would be best to completely align their incentives with his.  He did this by burning the ships.  Anything but success would now equal death for Cortes and all of his men.  Thus began the famous march from Vera Cruz to Tenochtitlan.

 

Your retirement is not the conquest of New Spain.  All or nothing plays, though they can be wildly successful and can lead to conquistador like splendor, are not the kinds of risks you should be taking with your future.  Putting all of your savings into a single speculative venture should be reserved for situations when there is truly nothing to lose.   

 

When investing for the future you should take a much longer view of things.  You should understand that the economy undergoes boom and bust cycles, fads come and go and sometimes you just plain get unlucky.  To combat the vicissitudes of fortune you must diversify your investment holdings.

 

A lot of people go about their savings in a very simple way: they have their employer take money out of their paycheck and put it in a 401(k) plan.  This is a good, tax advantaged way to save.  The problem often comes, however, when the employee falls prey to the employer’s siren song of re-investing in the company.  Perhaps the company has been doing well lately and the employee is bullish on the future success of the company.  He or she then goes ahead and contributes 100% of his 401(k) to purchasing company stock.  That is a potentially disastrous decision.

 

Most people’s livelihoods are not well diversified.  For the most part people rely on their employer for their future well being.  Your employer supplies your paycheck, you are counting on your employer for wage increases and you may also be expecting a nice little pension when you retire.  That is already a lot of eggs in one basket.  Companies fail suddenly, layoffs occur and you do not always have the meteoric rise in your career that you might hope for. 

 

To subject your savings to the fortunes of the company that you already are so dependent upon is something you should do only after careful consideration of all the alternatives.  It might be the right thing to do, but you are taking on a lot of risk in doing it.

 

So if you aren’t doubling down on your company’s future, what should you be doing with your retirement savings?  The answer obviously depends on where you are in your life.  When you are younger you can take a few more risks in life.  Your portfolio should be weighted towards slightly riskier assets rather than stable, income producing assets.  As you get older the mix should change until you reach a point in life where, finally, your portfolio consists of mostly income producing assets.

 

This is not carte blanche to go on a wild stock-picking adventure with your retirement money while you are young.  You should leave that to the pros.  There are people who dedicate their lives to learning the art of investing.  These people study The Intelligent Investor like it was a bible.  They pore over annual reports and study where Warren Buffet went to lunch that day in an attempt to glean a precious new piece of information.  If this profile does not sound like you, stay away from stock-picking.  Even the pros have a hard time beating the market and they have advantages that you can never hope to have on your side. 

 

Sure you can gamble a little bit of money on that hot stock your cousin told you about, but think of it the same way as putting a pile of money on red at the roulette table: odds are you are going to lose your money, but, hell, you might get lucky and win.

 

For proper long term planning, concentrate on finding a mutual fund that has a nice track record, low fees and a good rating from a reputable publication like Morningstar.  If you want to make a bet on the growth of America, buy an S&P 500 index fund.  For a little extra diversity, maybe research an international or emerging markets fund and put some money there.  As long as you stay away from French companies, you should be fine.

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Double Envelopment (#1)

Tuesday, March 1st, 2005

Let me kick off my inaugural column by saying how excited I am to be part of the whatbubble.com team.  I think you will find our site to be a useful source for practical, straightforward, non-biased financial advice.  Our columnists are here to help you identify and avoid the scum of the earth charlatans out there trying to stick you for your paper.  With any luck we will succeed a time or two. 

 

Every six to eight months The Economist runs out of stories about the fat wives of African dictators and writes an alarmist piece about the housing markets.  The formula is the same: there is some part of the story about markets nobody cares about like Madrid or Sydney and then they throw in an example like New York.  They show how much prices have appreciated in New York, toss in some pseudo-statistic like the “Housing P/E” and claim the American housing markets are on the verge of collapse.  It is the dot-com boom all over again.  Remember that crazy time when stocks were trading for 100x revenue?  What happened to all those people holding those stocks?  They lost all their money.  The same thing is happening in the housing markets.  There is going to be a 90% depreciation in housing prices.

 

Those claims are even scarier than paparazzi photos of Rosie O’Donnell in a bathing suit.  People’s houses are typically their most significant asset.  A collapse in the housing markets would likely wreck to US economy.  The insatiable American consumer might even take is a break from watching American Idol and take notice.  OK, that may be going too far.

 

The thing is, though, that people in America do not buy houses as wild speculative investments.  They do not day trade in and out of houses based on whatever senseless utterance Mary Meeker happens to make that day.  People do not buy homes because they have a few dollars to gamble.  People buy homes to shut their wives up.  It is true.  A man can sit there and rationally look at the pros and cons of renting vs. buying.  He can see the additional costs that go along with buying and reflect on the opportunity cost of the down payment.  He analyzes all those things and then comes to the conclusion that he loves sex more than money.  In order to keep his wife from bitching and moaning about how the Joneses have that cute little house on Main St. and how she will not raise baby Jorge in a rental home and how she is too embarrassed to talk to her friends because she does not have a house of her own he relents.  He says to hell with all of that bitching and moaning.  All he wants is to have a few minutes of piece and quiet to watch the Vikings get their asses kicked and if buying a house will give him that freedom, then call up the realtor it is time for some house hunting.  Since man is inherently lazy, once he has that home he is done.  Who wants to deal with moving again?  That might interrupt the Cubs game.  Screw that, one and done.

 

What about prices, you might ask.  Just look, housing prices have gone up!  How it can be?  What could have happened to cause such a catastrophe?  Housing prices are rising because of the same two forces that have defined much of recent American history: the spirit of the Gipper and the godless Commies.

 

The Republicans are in office and the rich are getting richer.  Rich people and upper middle class people are the people who buy houses and their income growth is a major determinant of what happens to housing prices (not median incomes).  GW Bush, when he is not spending the taxpayers’ hard earned money like an LBJ wet dream, is determined to give the rich back their money.  In an attempt to invoke the Great Communicator, GW has decided that income tax cuts, capital gains tax cuts and dividend tax cuts are the way to go.  People need to do something with those juicy tax savings (God forbid somebody saves a dollar or two), so they spend. They go out and buy a fancy new house, the biggest they can afford.  What better way to show the entire world what a success you are?   

 

The other major factor driving prices is that the Chinese are going to take over the world.  It makes me sad to think about, but, you know what, I think they just plain want it more.  Their willingness to suppress thought, the nonchalance they display when conquering neighboring lands and their ability to get rid of most of the fundamental principles of Communism in order to become an economic power all demand admiration.  They had the most dominant culture on Earth for most of human memory and have only for the last couple of hundred years had to take a back seat to the West.  In their minds that is wrong and they plan on changing it.  So they are rapidly building up their economy in order to one day put the decadent Americans back in their place.  Besides the obvious long term downside of our great-grandchildren living in slavery this also has the unfortunate short term side effect of driving up housing prices.  The Commies want everything.  They want steel.  They want oil.  They want rubber.  They want concrete.  They need all of those things to take their place back in the center of the world stage.  Since, unlike transistors, the productivity associated with building a new home doesn’t double every 18 months (the good ol’ hammer is still with us after all these years), the end does not appear to be in sight for this problem.

 

The Home as an Investment

 

There are some people that think that buying a house is the same as guaranteeing your entry into financial nirvana.  They feel that once they have bought a home all they need to do is sit back and wait for the pats on the back and the ‘atta boys when the money starts rolling in.  Those people need the same reconditioning that Alex de Large underwent in Clockwork Orange. 

 

Your house is consumption.  Start thinking about it that way.  You should no more expect to make millions off of your house than you do off of the new Prius you just bought.  Owning a house gives you lots of nice warm and fuzzies inside and you should content yourself with that.  History shows us that American house prices have been stable over time so, hey, you may even get your money back or make a buck or two.  In no way should you fall into the trap of thinking about how you just cashed in on a run up in housing prices and should therefore tie up a hundred investment properties in order to make the money required to buy yourself that sweet little Maserati.  That is a recipe for disaster. 

 

America is a nice diverse place with lots of micro-economies.  Las Vegas, or any random town in America, is not.  Lots of towns are heavily tied to one industry that might experience a sudden economic downturn.  Some towns might even accidentally elect a Democratic mayor who chooses to fire bomb the city.  Those scenarios would be very bad for housing in that city and would drive a lot of nuclear families living in those towns to the next Boomtown USA.  Southern California’s experience in the early 90’s following the base closures and slowdown in the defense industry should serve as a warning to anyone foolish enough to randomly speculate in a single city or area.  If you want to make the money required for that new Maserati, work harder.     

 

In the end, whether or not you should buy a house is an entirely personal decision.  If you are comfortable spending the money required for a house, if it will make you and your family happy to own a house then, by all means, go crazy.  If, on the other hand, you think you are going to make loads of money off of your new house or if you are thinking about buying that sweet little investment property that your cousin told you about in Miami - don’t do it.  There are more exciting ways to blow your cash.  I recommend high end vodka, exotic vacations or Mexican art.

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